![]() ![]() Terms, such as “the Audit Society” (Power 1997), “counter-democracy” (Rosanvallon 2008), and “monitory democracy” (Keane 2009) attest to the rapid growth of such extra-parliamentary, power-scrutinizing mechanisms as ombuds-institutions, auditors, and integrity offices. With the growth of executive spheres at all levels of the government, the need for oversight and accountability has become more and more obvious. They investigate performance problems, uncover cases of corruption, and report those findings to Parliaments and the general public. These “watchdogs” play a key role in promoting the transparency, accountability, and effectiveness of the executive. Independent oversight institutions have become critical components of the accountability landscape in modern democracies. ![]() 1 Toward measuring the accountability powers of watchdogs ![]()
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